The larval zebrafish is a promising vertebrate organism for such an endeavour, since its brain is small and a wide array of experimental techniques are available ( Baier and Scott, 2009 McLean and Fetcho, 2011). Investigating behavioural performance limits and non-uniformities can offer insights into the processing capabilities and ecological adaptations of animal brains, especially if they can be studied and quantitatively understood at each processing step. The retinal and extra-retinal circuit anisotropies can in turn effect a dependence of behavioural performance on visual field location ( Hoy et al., 2016 Bianco et al., 2011 Murasugi and Howard, 1989 Shimizu et al., 2010 Yang and Guo, 2013 Zimmermann et al., 2018 Baden et al., 2013). In addition to these restrictions mediated by the peripheral sensory circuitry, an animal’s use of certain visual field regions is also affected by behaviour-specific neural pathways, for example pathways dedicated to feeding and stabilisation behaviour. Photoreceptor densities put a direct physical limit on performance parameters such as spatial resolution ( Haug et al., 2010 Merigan and Katz, 1990). This non-uniformity manifests as an area centralis or a fovea in many species, which is a region of heightened photoreceptor density in the central retina and serves to increase visual performance in the corresponding visual field regions. The ecological significance of visual stimuli thus depends on their location within the visual field, and it is paralleled by non-uniform processing channels across the retina. To avoid predation, however, it is useful to observe a large proportion of visual space, especially those regions in which predators are most likely to appear ( Smolka et al., 2011 Zhang et al., 2012). Hunting animals keep the prey within particular visual field regions to maximise behavioural performance ( Hoy et al., 2016 Bianco et al., 2011 Yoshimatsu et al., 2020). A well-known example is the position of the eyes in the head which varies between hunting animals (frontal eyes) and animals that frequently need to avoid predation (lateral eyes) ( Cronin et al., 2014). The layout of the retina, and the visual system as a whole, evolved to serve specific behavioural tasks that animals perform to survive in their respective habitats. Our results demonstrate that motion vision circuits in zebrafish are anisotropic, and preferentially monitor areas with putative behavioural relevance. Upside-down experiments suggest further extra-retinal processing. However, zebrafish react most strongly to lateral, nearly equatorial stimuli, consistent with previously reported spatial densities of red, green, and blue photoreceptors. We find that the two eyes are less yoked than previously thought and that spatial frequency tuning is similar across visual field positions. We measured the optokinetic response gain of immobilised zebrafish larvae to stimuli of different steradian size and visual field locations.
To sample stimulus locations across most of the visual field, we built a spherical stimulus arena with 14,848 independently controllable LEDs. Despite this, relatively small displays are often used in vision neuroscience.
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TI-84 Plus C Silver Edition/CE BASIC Misc.Many animals have large visual fields, and sensory circuits may sample those regions of visual space most relevant to behaviours such as gaze stabilisation and hunting. TIbelius Sheet Music and MIDI Sequence Editor TI-83/84 Plus Assembly Games (Ion/Arcade) TI-83/84 Plus BASIC Games (Puzzle/Strategy)Ĭhip8/SChip8 Emulation Library & Games v0.9 Beta Puzzle Bobble ( Bust a Move ) v 0.8 for ti89,92+ ,v200 TI-84 Plus C Silver Edition/CE BASIC Games TI-84 Plus C Silver Edition/CE BASIC Misc. Menus OS, The First BASIC Shell for the TI-84 Plus CE! Open Adventure CE 1.8.0 (Colossal Cave Adventure 2.5) Think that a program should be featured, email Programs for December 2020 If you have any questions or concerns about featured programs, or you
They are grouped chronologically by month. Here is a complete list of all the featured programs at toĭate. As with the POTM award, the POTY list is determined by the featured files over the last year.
Currently we have a more prestigious award, Program of the Year ( POTY). In late 2000, POTM was retired and has not been in operation since. Winners were then selected from the featured programs list. The nomination list for the Program of the Month ( POTM). In the past, from early 1999 to late 2000, the featured programs list became Them, or finds one of unique merit, it is added to the featured Whenever aįilearchive staff member finds a program that particularly interests
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